Foreign Universities

Ive often wondered how best to de okay command. Id interchangeable to define commandment as the procurement of those uncanny skills which would enable a person to choose between what is right and what is not. Our Indian system of education since time immemorial has been sailing magnificently on the winds of hope, moral ropiness and moral principleal values with the principal objective of make all(prenominal)(prenominal) of us good human beings as opposed to sheer k immediatelyledge banks. As of today, Indian Education is an immaculate melange of our courtly ideals of education, blended with infrastructural and technological hell dust, rendering to the demands of modernization. over the decades, weve produced some very fine men and women. From Swami Vivekananda to Sir C V Raman, from Amartya Sen to Rajendra Pachauri, theyve all been fine lode stars of our educational system. Ive never really been a fan of the Western educational systems. Students on that point atomic n umber 18 bestowed with counselling too much unconditional liberty. Theyre treated like empyreal emperors at a time when they should be ordered to shut their PlayStations and take a good look at their school books.Theres too much rationalism in there and very little humanism, which in a sense explains the reason for the rapid moral degradation among a significant number of students in the West. Look at the list of school related criminal attacks widely distributed and youd observe the US perched handsomely at the precede. We read approximately every week about teen shootouts, teen pregnancies and yet do not wish to speak about them in the open. Its prohibited. We, Indian students here, atleast low the fear of failure, the fear of humiliation, the fear of corporal penalisation are compelled on to the right track as fara counsel as our pursuit of educational excellence is concerned.But the very fact that there exists no substantial force which can have similar influences on th e students of the West is indeed quite a concern. Another factor running(a) significantly against Western education is its exorbitant cost of education which closely puts it virtually out of reach for many middle class students domain of a function over. I know theres been criticism of our Indian educational system too. I know thereve been people cynical of our acidulated and stern methodology of education.But if the drilling good example is a indispensableness for intellectual growth, a boon for the nations ambitions of having an educated electoral roll, the antidote for illiteracy and ignorance, the quintessential need for individual prosperity, then why not abuse that path fearlessly? After all, it is single under pressure that char turns to diamond. The dominant employment of Indian Americans in the US economy is passably noticeable as well. As of 2008, 4000 PIO professors and 84000 students made their way into US universities and Indian Silicon Valley entrepreneurs generate whopping tax income of $250 billion every year.Is it not ironical then that the well oil products of our educational system are queen-sizedly responsible for the economic boom of a global tycoon? Whos the Big Daddy now? Is this not tangible tribute of our profound educational prowess? to a higher place all the number crunching and tangled statistics, above all the heated din of debates and discussions, just one explicate rings euphoria and triumph in my mind. Vande Mataram. Nothing else. Thank you. I have just received a list of the top Universities of the man (1) University of Cambridge (2) University of Oxford (3) Harvard University (4) University of California 5) The Stanford University (6) University of Tokyo and it is certainly not a matter of great pride that the Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai is be 30th and except the IITs, not a single university has made to the top 50. it is p. m and the speed is so fast that you might see another(prenominal) for eign university getting into this list by the time I wind my speech. Todays topic states Should there be an entry of Foreign Educational ecesis or University in India and I stand here firmly fence the motion. India right now has 487 Universities and 2200 colleges whereas the requirement is 1000 Universities and 35000 Colleges more than.So foreign Universities is the only option left. Learning in a Foreign University has a decisive advantage in terms of ambience, cultural environment and most of all provides an international mix. For India to become an economic superpower, we first need to become an educational superpower. The number of universities and institutions of higher learning are wholly inadequate to cater to the aspirations of a billion people unless of course our purpose is to keep large sections of our population out of the education system.Having known different parts of the world and different types of institutions, I can say categorically that as far as the intel lect is concerned, we are second to none. How we can overlook the no-good state of our universities and institutions of higher learning. Results are not announced in time. military rating is neither objective nor done with any sensitivity. Regulation in education still dates back to the license-permit regime that could do precious little for the republic for over five decades.. Our Universities, have failed to impart education in all subject areas.Many new sciences and technologies are never introduced to our students immediately later on their inventions. We tend not to care too much for quality, and are pretty complacent about what is acceptable standards. What we lack is a work ethic that nurtures excellence in all its manifestations. The Chalta Hai attitude is predominant and the only way to break it is to expose this mindset to global standards. Recently cabinet has approved Foreign Educational Institution Bill 2010. I salute look of HRD, Mr. Kapil Sibbal for this revoluti onary move towards getting a class education in India.Afterall the bill upon becoming a law is sure to make it more convenient for domestic students to get world class education at their door steps. With this, I rest my case but not my thoughts. convey Ive often wondered how best to define education. Id like to define education as the procurement of those preternatural skills which would enable a person to choose between what is right and what is not. Our Indian system of education since time immemorial has been sailing magnificently on the winds of hope, moral coherence and ethical values with the principal objective of making all of us good human beings as opposed to mere knowledge banks.Over the decades, weve produced some very fine men and women. From Swami Vivekananda to Sir C V Raman, from Amartya Sen to Rajendra Pachauri, theyve all been fine lode stars of our educational system. I know thereve been people cynical of our harsh and stern methodology of education. But if the d rilling exercise is a necessity for intellectual growth, then why not tread that path fearlessly? After all, it is only under pressure that coal turns to diamond. Look at the list of school related criminal attacks oecumenical and youd observe the US perched handsomely at the top.The dominant role of Indian Americans in the US economy is pretty noticeable as well. Is it not ironical that the well oiled products of our educational system are largely responsible for the economic boom of a global superpower? Whos the Big Daddy now? Is this not tangible testimony of our profound educational prowess? Above all the number crunching and intricate statistics, above all the heated cacophony of debates and discussions, just one phrase rings euphoria and triumph in my mind. Vande Mataram. Nothing else. Thank you.

Purpose of various software utilities Essay

Virus protection virus protection protects a computer placement from malicious viruses and Trojans and worms which you physiquele be infected by by dint of the lucre or email or down freighting files or through a USB film use up etc. virus protection usually consists of a firewall, virus exhaustner, virus remover and spyw are. With virus protection you raft per division a scan on your computer to check if you possess been infected by any viruses or Trojans or worms.With some virus protections packages you can scan your computer then it allow for guide you if you want the viruses removed, in like manner if any computer programmes have been infected the virus protection will ask you if you want the infected program strike downd, most virus protection programs isolate the infected programs in case they are not really viruses.The chief(prenominal) object of anti-virus software is to protect your computer form getting viruses, it does this by scanning downloads and attachments for viruses, it does this in the background while the user is performing another(prenominal) tasks. If the user does come across a virus the program will warn the user and give the user the woof of deleting it before it infects the computer. about virus protection programs protect the user over against spyware, this is a malicious program that enters a computer through net income, the threat usually comes through pop-up ads or bad net websites, if a threat does come through the virus protection will warn the user and give the user an option to eliminate the threat before it harms the computer. Firewalls the purpose of a firewall is to block intruders by looking for suspicious words such as domain call or IP addresses, certain protocols like file transfer protocol, ports and routing through a proxy service.There are two types of firewalls, hardware firewalls and software firewalls. Software firewalls provide another coating of security, software firewalls prohibi t malware on your computer from being sent to others. Hardware firewalls treat any kind of traffic from travelling from a local mesh out to the meshing as safe.An example of a threat entering your computer could be, you click a website that contains a hidden malicious program thats designed to secretly install itself on your machine and then send education out via the internet, this maybe to err personal information, this is virtuoso method of infection. It is very(prenominal) dangerous to operate the internet without a firewall because then you will not be notified if a malicious program is trying to enter your computer and if youdo not have a firewall it will not be equal to(p) to protect you from malicious programs that will damage your computer.A hardware firewall is a physical device that connects to a computer and is configurable through alliance to it or either through development the internet browser or through a command line interface. Clean up tools e.g. removal of biscuits, internet muniment and defragmentation the cookies in your browser are meant to make pages load faster, but they eventually start to slow down the governance, overall the cookie files will become very large and this will impact on the overall speed of the system, this is where you could implement the cleaning software, the cleaning software scans for and deletes elder and unnecessary info then after doing the clean-up procedure pages will father longer to open but this is normal.Internet history is a move into of an internet users visited websites, downloaded files, saved passwords, saved internet files and cookies. By removing all your internet history is makes your computer system faster because in that stead is more space to store files, in any case by removing your internet history all saved passwords will get deleted and all files downloaded will withal get deleted.You should remove your internet history every couple of weeks so your history doesnt get cl uttered up, this is what makes your internet slow. Removal of internet history can be done very easily using the internet options, you can go to the tools section of your web browser. Most internet browsers such as internet explorer and Mozilla Firefox allow you to select the categories to delete internet history, this way it is much easier if you only want to delete one category instead of deleting all the categories, for example if you want to erase form selective information you simply click on erase form selective information to delete all the history in that category.When removing internet history it in any case gives you the option to delete cookies, deleting cookies often is a good thing because you can get hackers that use trackers to monitor your browsing activity and they can steal personal or private information. Fragmentation can cause a computer to run slower and processing problems can emerge when enterprisingness files. A defragmentation program will take the corrup ted and scattered data on the drive and physically rearrange it, decreasing loading propagation and placing fewer problems on the computers processor.Defragmentation reduces data access and allows storage to be utilize more efficiently, some operating systems automatically defragment storage periodically, but others bringthat the user occasionally use a special utility for this purpose. beget formatting formatting a hard drive enables it to be able to read and write data by creating a partition on the drive, a hard disk drive can be formatted or reformatted depending on what is being done to the drive.When a new hard drive is formatted a bootable partition is created, the partition that is created is where that operating system is installed. arrange a hard drive requires selecting a file system that will be used on the drive, the file system is what the operating system uses to bring up and allocate information that is written to various sectors on the hard disk. Formatting a hard disk will overwrite the data on the drive. The formatting process only removes the operating systems ability to read the data on the drive, data needs to be rewritten to the drive and then reformatted again to ensure that the data is no longer accessible.Registry cleaner the purpose of a registry cleaner is to remove redundant items from the registry. A registry cleaner is designed for the use of Microsoft windows operating system. Registry cleaners have an automated procedure where it looks for invalid entries, missing file references or low-pitched links within the registry and resolving or removing them. There are many registry cleaner programs you can download of the internet, some for bare and some you have to purchase, for e.g. CCleaner is a registry cleaner program which is issue and it works on windows 8, 7, vista and XP.CCleaner can be used to uninstall programs. It also allows changes of start-up programs, so users can disable start-up programs and CCleaner lets the user delete system deposit points. Benchmarking Benchmarking is basically runway a computer program. Benchmark utilities are primal in PC optimisation and troubleshooting. Benchmarking assesses the relative performance of an object, by running standard tests and trials against it.Benchmarking assesses the performance characteristics of computer hardware. There are full system benchmarks as well as those that only test certain move of a system such as the memory, CPU function, hard drives and network connections. Benchmarks help find out if there is a problem and where the location is. Bibliography http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benchmark_(computing)http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_virushttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(computing)http//www.ladenterprizes.com/What_firewall.htmhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_formattinghttp//danieleastcroftict.posterous.com/clean-up-tools-for-removal-of-cookies-and-int http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registry_cleaner

Sri Lanka Tourism

Tourists Return to Paradise Isle a category After Wars End By Amantha Perera COLOMBO, May 17, 2010 (IPS) A year since Sri Lankas bloody civil state of war ended on May 18 last year, tourists are returning in commodious numbers to a popular beach destination located all over 300 kilometres from where the last battles were fought. Nowhere is the relief at the end of scrap more tangible than on the beautiful beaches of Hikkaduwa, south of the capital Colombo.The war against the secessionist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, fighting for a separate state for the nonage Tamils, cost over 70,000 lives in over two and half decades and direct over 280,000 fleeing for their lives in its final phase. Hikkaduwa, famed for its coral reef, sandy beaches and swank hotels, is on the rebound. Visitors who abandoned the sun and the beach when bombs started going off become begun to return. The dress hat days may be still ahead of this famous tourist destination south of the capital Colomb o. Already, it is bracing itself for huge arrivals during the fol firsting European winter harden.Arrivals grew by an impressive 50 percentage or an increase to 160,000 from 106,000 in the first quarter of 2010, compared to 2009, according to the Sri Lanka Tourism teaching Authority, the government agency that monitors tourist arrivals. This year, the island known for its scenic beauty lives over half a million tourist arrivals, making 2010 one of the best seasons in the last half a decade. We saw very skinny arrival rates this season (between November 2009 and April 2010), Siri Goonewardene, president of the Hikkaduwa Hoteliers Association, told IPS. With the war no more, proceedlers step safer visiting here and there were no unexpected security-related incidents that would have dictated them away. The general manager of coral Sands, a 75-room luxury hotel on the Hikkaduwa beach, expects pause results later this year when the abutting winter season starts. The bookings have been unplayful. If the apparent motion continues the next season bequeath be definitely better than this one, says Goonewardene.He adds that operators expect about a 50 percent growth in arrivals next season. The upbeat assessment is shared by operators who run tenuouser hotels and restaurants and others who guess on the tourist trade. This season was goodly. We had a high number of visitors, says Dhammika Silva, who runs a small hotel at Mirissa, a cove- akin beach south of Hikkaduwa. He depends on individual tourists who visit the Mirissa area as his business is too small to tie up with tour operators. I needed more pack on the beach having a good meter to make ends meet. This term it happened. The same is true of Nimal, who sells traditional woodcarvings from a small shop approximate the beach. We had a very good season. I made some good sales, adds Nimal, who simply identified himself by his first name.These hopes for a bumper tourist season are a far cry from t he beach operators downcast belief less than 18 months back. With the war raging in the north, by the time the winter season began in November 2008, arrivals were sliding. With earnings going down, in 2008, tourism fell to number six in the countrys authorise foreign revenue earners from the fourth slot, accounting only for 2. 8 percent of the gross content product. The pains supports a large workforce, much of it informal. harmonise to a labour survey conducted by the Sri Lanka Census and Statistics Department in 2007, over 100,000 were employed in the trade, 56 percent of whom were nformal employees. It was the informal employees that matt-up the pinch when arrivals kept going down without the security of at least(prenominal) a small wage packet. In early 2009, business operators same Nimal were complaining that they could not keep their shops open and at least digest the utilities.Some decided to close shop. The downturn in arrivals due to the war attracted low spenders t o the island. Silva says that many tourists from Eastern Europe and Russia began arriving in Sri Lanka when the big spenders from western Europe stayed away. I have nothing against them. But these were budget travellers who travel through the region. They dont spend much, he told IPS. Nimal concurs. They are not the type who buy souvenirs, let alone expensive carvings, they will expose up in the number of arrivals, but have no money. Goonewardene from Coral Sands warned that the high numbers should not be an indication that the industry has fully recovered. When the numbers are analysed, we will see that there will not be a 50 percent increase in earnings corresponding to the increase in arrivals. He says the government should found an aggressive public relations campaign to attract high-end spenders and give incentives like tax breaks to the industry. The new government that took office last month has brought tourism under the purview of the Economic Development Ministry, which has been tasked with accelerating development. It is an indication that tourism is to be a vital component in the new economic plans. It is good that the government is showing signs of making tourism part of the bigger national plans. Whoever invests in tourism now will be making a lot of money come next season if we make the adjust decisions, Silva

How Is Degradation Effecting South East Asia Environmental Sciences Essay

IntroductionBing a tropical vocalism, bulk of southeasterly Asia s sh ar provinces be rich in biodiversity. south-east Asia in ordinary is nonp atomic number 18il of the countries in the Earth that h experienceds al to the blueest peak of the resources. However, the rich biodiversity of the surface area did non vouch scotch stableness ( although the percentage developd economic growing in the late(a) decennaries ) . App arntly, it is an country which is comprised chiefly by developing tell aparts and states with flourishing everydaywealth. Further, the rate of people growing in the part is relatively high, and it ranked among the fastest twist topographic point in the universe. Hand in manus with this, is the speedy urbanisation that is taking topographic point in assorted states of the southeastern United States Asia.Presently the tribe of Southeast Asia makes the 8.7 per cent of the entire universe tribe, further its realm district further comprised of well-nigh 3 per cent of the self-colored land country of the universe. These deuce variables be distributed at contrary proportions among the states comprises Southeast Asia, and Indonesia embraces the largest part land district in the part at the aforementioned(prenominal) clip it is considered the biggest archipelago in universe. Therefore, it has the largest figure of gay species in Southeast Asia, and fundament eithery ranked 5th among the states of the universe with the highest figure of population.Further much, because of its archipelagic characteristic, Indonesia is bestowed with singular biodiversity both in land and marine countries 1 . The natural resources have been an of entailment participant to the economic development of Indonesia. However, the arresting biological wealth of state is invariably confronting sedate menace. Being situated at the Pacific border of Fire, it faces assorted black activities related to the motion of the Earth which threaten the organi sm of some species in the country, but aside from this natural menace, a more terrible signifier of menace that is continuously being experienced by the country comes from gay activities which led to a great magnitude of nakedness natural resources in Indonesia. Too frequently, development plans of the states are made with dispirited respects to the surround and its possible violations and changes to the ecosystem ( Partha 2002 ) ..The mere ballooning of the human population is some other challenge to both the economic system and the environment. With the rapid population growing of the state and altering regulations in the resource instabilities occur. And there is no better illustration of the instability that occurs mingled with the economic system and the environment than climate regeneration. 2 This merchandise of environmental abjection out-of-pocket(p) to human activities desire for development pull up stakesed to extreme inundations, drouths and typhoons, which straight or corroboratoryly affects the state s economic system ( Tasaka 1992 ) and its people.At this point we are all cognizant that Indonesia is the top state in Southeast Asia when it comes to natural resources and biodiversity as yet it is alike the state that has the highest rate of environmental loss. In this respect this stem go away show the initial reply to the downstairsmentioned inquiriesWhat are the make of environmental debasement particularly climate alteration in Indonesia?What are top beginnings of environmental debasement in the said country, and to what extent does it impact the socio-economic state of personal matters of the people and the state in general?What is the up-to-date position of the environmental debasement and clime alteration in Indonesia, and how does the product line of environmental impairment being addressed by the province? diametrical Faces of Environmental DegradationThe high quality in resources of the state, like what is mentio ned above, is based on its rich environmental diverseness. However, this profusion is easy stealing withdraw due to the environmental debasement. Therefore, twelvemonth by twelvemonth the gait of environmental debasement becomes faster than the old old ages. Long-run development of assorted resources draw up excessively much toll on the environment. The end for development usually clashes with the environmental rule, and this is non a state of affairs endemic in Indonesia, virtually all under essential states is confronting the same quandary.Export PollutionDuring the earlier decennaries, among the some(prenominal) identified causes of the weakening of natural resources or environment in general is Pollution Export . This pollution export was introduced to the part by Japanese industries.Two decennaries after the ground War II, Nipponese industrialization took off. This advancement nevertheless is anchored at the Swift development of heavy and chemic patience and nearly of their physical anatomical structures were built in intensely populated locations. The locations of these construction triggered bitterness from the locals. Huge protest started to put in gesture in order to eliminate the constructions which protestors and civil societies claimed to hold a destructive resultant non merely to the environment but to the nearby population ( Hall, 2002 ) .In the overture of 1970 s, people s consciousness and concerns were heightened. Many of the local groups pressured the authorities to change by reversal to the issue on local pollution being produced by chemical industries by taking into consideration relocation countries of the mills both internal and international sites. As a response of the province, industries were transferred to prefectures and some where even go to other provinces, and Southeast Asiatic states were the 1s seen as promising locale for resettlement ( Lucas 1992 ) .The transportation of industries to the developing states had been easy because leaders of these states took the state of affairs as an chance for development without taking into consideration the effects to the environment. Due to this, the occurrence that these industries were evicted from their original locations because of the anthropogenetic pollution that it created and its negative impact to the environment were overlooked, if non by design neglected. With the transportation of these industries, pollution was in any case transferred to the new site.One of the industries relocated in Southeast Asia, leftoverly in Malaysia and Indonesia is the International Tree Plantation ( ITP ) . This is a big graduated table grove is consist of one variety of works that is in demand for export. ITP vary from oil thenar woodwind instrumentlet, pulpwood plantation, tone plantation and others. In the countries of Malaysia and Indonesia, it is either Pulpwood or Palm oil plantation that is present. Although, ITP some measure is perceived as no n destructive as compared to other signifiers of resettled industries, it appease has a negative issuing on the environment. All these plantations are monoculture that tries to replace natural ecosystems which can take to negative effects on the environment and the society. Take for case the eucalyptus plantation in Indonesia, wherein it causes the lessen in H2O production and the supplanting of autochthonal people shacking in the country that was cleared for plantation. These industries are merely taking to bring off and sell ( Lohmann 1999 ) .Transboundary Haze PollutionAnother study subscriber to the environmental debasement in the part is transboundary pollution and it is known as fogginess pollution. 3 This pollution crosses lodgers of different districts. There are two common types of haze pollution, foremost is the pollution that can make topographic points done organic structures of H2O, and the 2nd type are those pollution that is being carried to different topograph ic points through air ( Hanim, 2002 ) . Among the types of transboundary pollution, it is air pollution that affects most of Southeast Asia. Although, marine pollution is besides a job in the country, when it comes to the consequence and how the part is being impact, it is air pollution brought more incommodiousness.Since transboundary pollution is a traveling pollution, it has the inclination of transporting the pollution off from the emitters and conveying it to the non-emitters doing the one accountable for the pollution acquire off with the effects while those who are guileless of the dead suffer the majority of its terminal consequences. This scenario has been a perennial experience among Southeasterly Asiatic states, although here both the emitters and non-emitters suffer the consequence of the actions of the front entity.Transboundary haze pollution that has been experienced in this part is normally caused by plant flacks in Indonesia. 4 The woodwind awaken is normall y the result of glade of the plantation countries that got out of manus and go a respectable blown af tone invoke. Although, there has been a policy that agreemon plantation industries non to utilize combustion in uncluttering the field, still there are still a batch of them that stick to this method because it s more genial and fast. Furthermore, with the altering clime and profit temperature in the current clip, happenings of woods fire will be more frequent particularly if the plantation industries will go on to utilize firing a method of uncluttering the field. In connexion to this, governments identified country of Kalimantan and Sumatra as most vulnerable to plant fire because of two grounds. First, because the countries are to a great extent plant hence fire could easy eat the full wood and go forthing an undreamed sum of amendss, and 2nd, is because bulk its constituents are extremely combustible.Prior to the juvenile 2006 forest fire that occurred in Indonesia, it had a series of destructive forest fires in the yesteryear that made major belittling effects non merely to the people but most particularly to the economic system of the states affected. During the El Nino phenomenon on 1997-1998, the recorded worst forest fire broke off in the land of Indonesia. Total estimated damaged r for each oneed US $ 9 meg in all fields that were affected in the state, nevertheless non included in this figure are the sum of damaged it caused to its adjacent states, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei. In 2002, another forest fire occurred in Indonesia, nevertheless as compared to the earlier forest fire in 1998, this one is less aggressive and caused lesser damaged. The most recent wood fire, like what is mentioned above, occurred on October 2006 covering the hot topographic point countries of Kalimantan and Sumatra. This recent episode of forest fire even affected the Pacific Islands.The effects of forest fire as transboundary pollution are countle ss. The gas cost increase from the burning is the ground why Indonesia is among the top rank immature house gas emitters. Each clip a wood or a plantation is cleared, dozenss of anthropogenetic gases are being throw overboard in the ambiance. These gases are major ground for wandering heating. Aside from the fatal effects of haze pollution to the environment, it besides places disconfirming consequence on people s wellness moreover it disrupts the economic activities.Climate heightenThe issue on environmental debasement and clime alteration are inseparable. Whenever the impairment of the environment takes the spotlight, non far buttocks is the fickle shifting of planetary temperature, entangled happenings of drouth and typhoon and so many others. Scientists claim that the adhering tie between the two issues is the opprobrious human activities. Harmonizing to some bookmans, although non all of the lending factors to climate alteration are semisynthetic, comparatively immense p art of it was triggered by unstoppable human activities. Take for illustration, the abovementioned wood fire. Some may reason that forest fire are non truly associated to any activities of homo, nevertheless this statement might be true in some occasions like in the times of boom storm. However, if we would analysis it deeper, the figure of boom that hits the forested country is insignificant as compared to human-induced instances of forest fire.These issues ( environmental debasement and clime alteration ) are non confined in an country or countries entirely. Climate alteration specifically is a planetary concern and it will go on to be one. Sometimes this issue leads to the division of the universe between the South and the nitrogen The division between universe states is mark by the separation between the developed and the developing economic systems of Southeast Asia. This limit besides separates the major subscribers to climate alteration, in other words the states that emit most of the leafy vegetable house gases, and the states that have small part in the emanation of green house gasses, yet are most likely to super the most effects.Normally, developing states comprise the South contingent, while developed states comprise the conglutination contingent. With this it is noticeable that developing states as a whole has a comparatively smaller emanation of GHG which cause clime alteration. On the other manus, developed states about occupied all the top places as provinces with the highest sum of GHG emanations. This end is straight relative to the sum of industrialisation that occurs in a peculiar province. In retrospect, since developed states are less industrialised in personal credit line to the extremely industrialised states of the North, that is why they have history for a lesser GHG emanations unlike in the instance of the ulterior group.In footings of emanation Indonesia ranks among the states with high GHG emanations. Forest fires and defor estations are the beginning of green house gases being emitted by Indonesia to the ambiance. In comparing to non-forestry emanation, forestry emanations are five times larger than emanation generated from non-forestry sector ( industrial and energy sectors ) .In the figure below, Indonesia ranked tertiary among the highest subscribers of C dioxide in the universe ( Houghton 2003 ) . Furthermore, deforestation and land transition are the major beginnings of emanations of ghg in Indonesia, while pastoral sector has the lowest part to the ghg and the sum accumulated by this sector is globally undistinguished. 5 Unlike in developed states wherein their chief beginning of gas emanation is from the energy sector in Indonesia, energy sector emanation is very little, nevertheless it is little yet quickly turning. In the thick of industrialisation that is go oning in the state it is the energy sector that supports the said growing, and with the rapid rate of industrialisation growing, t he use of energy goes bigger every bit earnest result to the increasing emanation of ghg by the sector.Summary of Green House Gas EmissionThis chart shows the ranking of top GHG emitters states harmonizing to the US EPA. It besides shows the dislocation of beginnings of GHG emitted by each state.It is noticeable that some of the development states are included among the top emitter statesIn Indonesia forestry ( deforestation and forest fire ) is the chief beginning of GHG emanation.Figure 1Beginning US EPA 2006The Deterioration of the Environment and Its ImpactsEffectss of environmental debasement are extremely apparent in Indonesia. This is farther aggravated by irreconcilable clime ( which is besides a merchandise of environmental debasement ) . Because of this, the country is exposed to great losingss. The combined furiousness due to the rapid population growing of its population and its physical features as an archipelagic state with a astonishing coastline put the full sta te in a in reality vulnerable terms to the impacts of clime alteration.Among the extremely affected group are the people from below poorness. Most of them shack along the unguarded countries and they besides do nt hold mechanism to accommodate to the altering state of affairs being face by the state. In the recent clip, the state has already experienced drawn-out drouths, stronger typhoons and inundations. All these are rooted to the abuse and contumely of the environment. In add-on, the rich biodiversity of the state is besides at hazard which may do drastic consequence on nutrient supply and guarantor of the state. Another at hand menace to nutrient security is the clime alteration this might impact the activities of the husbandmans and fishermen taking to production loss. Aside from these, listed below are the other impacts derived from environmental debasement.Agriculture, Economy and Food Security,Agribusiness is a major economic sector in Indonesia. It accounts for bulk of GDP of the state, and so Indonesia relies to a great extent on the part from this sector and most of the economic systems are depending on agribusiness and natural resources. In add-on, this is besides the sector that provides most of the nutrient demands of the state.With the coming of the embracing consequence of environmental debasement, clime alteration is badly pounding agribusiness. veers in precipitation and temperature curb the agricultural activities because it lower dirt birthrate, shorten turning sequence, limits the type of fruit time that can be planted, and hence put the husbandmans at the losing terminal. All these realise to lesser output, lesser production and comparatively low income for the people convoluted in this economic system.Scholars stressed the high possibility of nutrient shortage because of these alterations in the usual mechanism of the environment ( Amin 2004 and Fahn 2000 ) . With the lessening in agricultural production, nutrient securi ty will automatically be affected. Take for case, the 1997-1998 El Nino southern wheel ( ENSO ) phenomena, the event affected the length of moisture and dry seasons in Indonesia. 6 Prolonged moistures and dry seasons were experienced which caused a crisp diminution in agricultural production and brought about one of the great declivity in gross domestic merchandise in the past some(prenominal) old ages ( Lasco et al. 2008 ) . Just the mere hold of one month in the oncoming of rainy season during El Nino old ages decreases the production of sieve by 6.7 % in west Indonesia and 11 % in East Indonesia ( Naytor et al. 2007 ) .The ENSO part of Indonesia-10 months 8 months 6 months 4 months 2 months 0 monthsBeginning foundation Meteorological OrganizationBased on figure 2, the islands of Java, Bali, Komodo, Flores, Lombok, Sumbawa, Alor, West Timor, part of Sumatra, part of Sulawesi and parts of Irian Jaya experienced the longest drouth which lasted eight months during the El Ni no Southern Oscillation.Figure 2. Above is a map demoing the length of dry season experienced throughout Indonesia during the happening of ENSO in 1997-1998.-10 months 8 months 6 months 4 months 2 months 0 monthsSummary of ascertained Impacts of Climate Change on Forestry heavensClimate alteration observed impactsIncreasing temperature Increased frequence of forest fires every bit good as country of burnt woods Increased plague and disease infestation in woods variance in precipitation( including El Nino SouthernOscillation ) Increased forest fire, and pest and disease infestation due to drought Change in precipitation physical body, impacting endurance of seedlings and saplings Increased dirt decay and debasement of wet partings due to intermittent drouth and implosion therapy Increased population of invasive works species sea degree rise Loss of Rhizophora mangle woods due to progressing sea degreesBeginnings Boer and Dewi ( 2008 ) , Cuong ( 2008 ) , Ho ( 2008 ) , Jesdapipat ( 2008 ) , Perez ( 2008 ) .Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture SectorClimate alterationObserved impactsIncreasing temperature Decreased harvest outputs due to heat emphasis Increased livestock deceases due to heat emphasis Increased clap of insect plagues and diseasesVariability in precipitation( including El Nino SouthernOscillation ) Increased frequence of drouth, inundations, and tropical cyclones ( associated with strong air currents ) , doing harm to harvests Change in precipitation form affected current cropping form harvest turning season and sowing period changed Increased overflow and dirt eroding caused diminution in dirt birthrate and accordingly harvest outputsocean degree rise Loss of cultivable lands due to progressing sea degree Salinization of irrigation H2O affected harvest growing and outputBeginnings Boer and Dewi ( 2008 ) , Cuong ( 2008 ) , Ho ( 2008 ) , Jesdapipat ( 2008 ) , Perez ( 2008 ) .Summary of Observed Impacts of Climate Change on Coastal and Mari ne ResourcesClimate alterationObserved impactsIncreasing temperature Increased coral bleaching and devolution of coral reefsVariability in precipitation( including El Nino SouthernOscillation ) Increased loss of land due to eroding and implosion therapy of coastal countries Increased harm from inundations and ramp have including harm to aquaculture industrySea degree rise Accelerated salt H2O invasion inlandBeginnings Boer and Dewi ( 2008 ) , Cuong ( 2008 ) , Ho ( 2008 ) , Jesdapipat ( 2008 ) , Perez ( 2008 ) .Beginning Taken from Asian Development BankIndonesia gets hotter than of all timeAnnual temperature in Indonesia has been increasing as observed by scientists. During 1990 s until the first twosome of old ages of 2000, temperature in the state has a hiting up tendency by 0.3 grades Celsius. This form of auxiliary has been consistent throughout the decennary, although there were times that the appurtenance is a small spot below or above that the expected temperature. Howev er, the greatest divergence of expected heating of temperature happened during the 1998 which coincide with ENSO. The addition in temperature about reached 1 grade Celsius which was manner higher than any addition in temperature in the span of three decennaries ( 1961-1990 ) . That was the hottest twelvemonth in Indonesia in a century ( Climatic Research unit-WWF 2006 ) .For the following decennary, Indonesia is anticipating a greater addition in temperature throughout the state because of extra consequence of clime alteration. From 0.3oC annual addition in the old decennaries, in 2020 Indonesia s temperature will increase at the rate of 0.36 grades Celsius up to 0.47 grades Celsius. In the projection done by Susandi ( 2007 ) below, the southeasterly portion of the Moluccas Island and the island of Kalimantan will see the highest temperatures.Beginning Taken from World Bank and Department for International Development ReportFigure 3. project Average Temperature by Year 2020The add ition in temperature has direct and indirect effects on agribusiness, forestry and marine sectors. The forestry sector has experienced greater episodes of forest fire due to the rise of temperature. This was proven by the important addition of countries burned during the El Nino. During the series of El Nino phenomenon dated 1982-1983, 1994 and 1997-1998 a sum of 13.5 million hour angle of wood had been burned Murdiyarso and Adiningsih 2006 ) . Forest fire triggered by lifting temperature ( climate alteration ) and/or by human activities is damaging to human. Health jobs arise from this event and aside from which, it besides affects the economic system.In Marine sector, the most prevailing consequence of warming of temperature in Indonesia is coral bleaching. 7 Presently, in the survey conducted on coral reefs a really little part, 6 % , of the state reefs remain at an first-class place while the largest ball, 70 % , of the coral population are classified under carnival to hapless status and 24 % are in good status ( Johns Hopkins University 2003 ) . Majority of coral population under the class of honourable to hapless were bleached. This state of affairs decreases the marine biodiversity and marine resources.Sea take aim Rise

How Are Syariah Laws Being Currently Applied in Malaysia Essay

Islam had been established in Malayanana by the 14th century. Malacca, one of the Malay States in Malaya, emerged as a Muslim Kingdom under Sultan Iskandar Syah and his successors. By the early 15th century, it had create a power of great importance in South easternmost Asia. This brought an end to the political control and cultural learn of the Hindu and Buddhistic powers over the Malay Peninsula. This brought an end to the political control and cultural influence of the Hindu and Buddhist powers over the Malay Peninsula. Malay society and its integritys were influences by idea and ideas from various Muslim countries.This because Islam itself came to this region from different countries, namely the Arab countries, India and crimson China. The faithfulness used in Malacca was Muslim police in cin one casert with Malay customary faithfulness. Malay customary law may besides referred as to as Adat Melayu. In 1511, Malacca was conquered by the Portuguese. However, its sev ere to provide a satisfactory account of the good development during that period. Although Malay customary law was preserved under Portuguese rule and ulterior by the Dutch, during their conquest of Malacca in 1641, it was ultimately replaced by slope law during the British colonization of Malaya beginning from 1786.Evidences and traces of Moslem legal thought and institutions ar present in Malay law. Terminology and ideas from the Moslem legal system found their way into the numerous treatises on traditional Malay law. They are found in the Melaka Digest (Undang-undang Melaka or Risalah Hukum Kanun of 1523) and the Pahang Digest of 1596 with a later supplement, and in the Kedah Digest dated 1606 containing port rules. Further raise is found in the 18th century, 99 truths of Perak and in the Johor Digest of 1789. last the orthodox Muslim works of the Shafiee School of Moslem Law, such as the treatises on the law of marriage, divorce and legitimacy of children were translate d in Malay. The Majalah al-Ahkam al- Adliyyah (The Mejelle), a learn of Muslim civil laws of the Ottoman Empire, was also translated into Malay and recognized as the law to be followed by the Johor courts in 1914. Moslem law, being an import law, evolved through a period of 6 centuries of development. Its impact on the acress legal system was far reaching, even until the early grapheme of the present century.This is well illustrated in the case of Laton v Ramah, where the Court of greet held that Islamic law in Peninsular Malaya was not foreign law just local law, the law of the land which every court moldiness take judicial notice. But during the post British colonial period, Islamic law has been reduced in importance and its significance has further declined afterwards the independence. The ninth Schedule of the federal official piece of music, Legislature Lists (List II- State List) states The Islamic Law is under state authority. Each state enacts its own enactment with legal power over it.Every state has its own Council of Islamic Religion and Malay Custom and the Kadis Courts. These courts break limited jurisdiction on persons professing the Islamic religion, and only included in this list, but shall not have jurisdiction in respect of offences except insofar as centred by Federal Law. The Muslim Courts (Criminal Jurisdiction ) Act 1965 No. 23 of 1965 provides that the jurisdiction of the shariah Courts Shall not be exercised in respect of any offence punishable with imprisonment for a term exceeding 6 month or with any fine exceeding one thousand dollars or with both(prenominal).Its been a questioned among the commonwealth about the application of hudud law in Malaysia since there are different types of religious and beliefs the nations uphold. Many people agreed with the execution whereas some disagreed with the issue. Basically, hudud is the most severe and harsh Islamic law for resorting to punish those offenders through physical means. The provisions of the hudood law cause Malays feared the law and they are not ready for the implementation of hudood laws as there are lack of understanding on the need of a proper model on the Islamic whitlow law.According to Professor Dr. Mahmood Zuhdi Abdul Majid of IIUM, he said If we do not change it, we Malays are definitely ready to implement hudud in Malaysia, but if we were look at Hudud as a political issue, and so it becomes a problem, He also stated that illegal laws should be imposed on all citizens because Islam does not discriminate on whether you are a Muslim or a non-Muslim. Besides, PAS had decided that it will assay constitutional amendment in the Parliament to apply the Hudud law once the Pakatan take over the federal administration. According to our Former President, Dr.Mahathir Mohammad, had stated his dissatisfaction on the implementation of Hudud laws in Malaysia which will create an injustice bench system. For an instance, a Muslim who committed a n offence will be punished according to Hudud law, which is a severe punishment whereas the non-Muslims who committed the like offence will be punished according to civil law which is much lineal. He also commented that there is nothing mentions in the playscript about the severe punishments and he urged Muslims to follow the primary sources of Islam, Quran preferably of the Sunnah or Hadith which are basically those interpretations of the Quran.Furthermore, Nibong Tebal MP, Tan football tee Beng said Kita president, Zaid Ibrahim confessed that non-Muslims can be punished under the Hudud criminal code enactments. He added that Shariah laws that being practiced in Malaysia are establish on civil and family legislation, which governs individual Muslim matters. The issue is controversy as Hudud law can be applied if the Federal Constitution amended which requires majority votes from the members of Parliament. Based on UMNO Minister, Datuk Seri Jamil Khir Baharom view, he stated th at Hudud Law will never give any impact on Non-Muslims.The government is alert that there are distinctions of views and thoughts on this issue among Islamic scholars and jurists and a research need to be done before the Hudud law implemented in Malaysia, so that the penal code is passably to all, complies with Allahs conditions and is in accord with the Malaysia legal system. He also added that if Hudud law is to be applied in Malaysia, the Syariah Court would only have jurisdiction over those who practice Islam in accord with the Federal Constitution, the controlling law of the Federation.Though the issue on the application of Hudud law in Malaysia is indecisive stage, the application of Shariah law does not lose its position. The Islamic law that is in force in Malaysia totally is not factual Islamic law but may have been influenced by scripted laws judicial decisions and customary law. For an instance, the written laws, especially, those enacted before independence, may reject Islamic law. Thus in Ainan v Syed Abu Bakar, it was held that the legitimacy of a child should be determined by the Evidence Enactment (F. M. S. ) and not accordance with Islamic law.

Oedipus Story the Illiad

Jennifer Francois Dr. Beitchman The story Oedipus the superpower was written by Sophocles. This play was one of the greatest tragedies of all time. Oedipus Kinds of Thebes formerly was praised by priest and the state of the metropolis. The plague was struck by the people of Thebes grew sick. When the people of the Thebes, (described as the chorus) went to the priest for help, they all turned to Oedipus for their salvation. Oedipus sought for answers by sending his best man Creon to Apollo the Oracle of Adelphi. Once questioned what he was red ink to do to the highest degree this plague, Oedipus replied to the people of the metropolis with answers.When Creon returns, he tells Oedipus that the plague is start out by the person who cleanuped Liaus. Creon also stated that the put to deather lived within the city walls. Stunned of what he heard, Oedipus pursued to take revenge on the after-hours king. Angry on such tragedy Oedipus questions Creon real story. Scared and incertai n of what fate has cast upon the city, the people searched for answers. Oedipus called for a blind prophesier named Tiresias. Tiresias knew who the eat up is, but wish that he didnt tell. Oedipus then questions Tiresias intentions for being in his presence. Was it an act of treachery?Oedipus thought. After Oedipus questions Creon and the Tiresiass motive, Tiresias then slowly tells Oedipus about a future of blindness and wandering. Jocasta, Oedipus married woman tries to advise him to disregard the prophet and his fate, Oedipus stressed sought out to hap such man. Oedipus called upon the people of the city to report such man who killed the late king Laius. Determine to go the truth his cursed himself blind. (Line 265). Oedipus finds out that he is the antagonist and Jocasta the queen is his mother. Realizing he has unlocked his twisted fate he runs back to his palace.Then to find his mother, his married woman hanging on a noose for she has committed suicide was a tragedy indeed. Knowing that her prophecy was true Oedipus tries to rescue he dead body (Line 1340) and then poke his eyes making him blind. Begging Creon to kill him, Oedipus leaves exile from the city of Thebes. To conclude, the story of Oedipus the King described Oedipus fate which was to kill his father and marry and have children with his mother. However, it was his freewill that led him to this fate. His arrogant, aggressive, and stubborn character pushed him right down a path that complied directly with his pre-intended fate.I admire for Oedipus for as a strong character to protect the city he once fought for he had cursed himself. Even though he was hinted by the prophecy, he wanted to avenge the late King Laius. Although unraveling his fate cost him his wife/mother and his own blindness, he found his answer. I feel sinister when Oedipus discovers his mother hanging herself in the palace. It was almost in shock for as she did not want his fate to come out. The story of the Iliad has be en astonishing. Filled with aggression, bop and Drama, the author creates excitement by starting in the middle of an epic story.Agamemnon takes the daughter of Chrysies and then releases her once the priest prays to Apollo to send plague against the Achaeans. startle off in the middle of the Trojan War, Agamemnon and Achilleus battle Greek against Trojan. Agamemnon a strong powerful Greek takes Achilleus prize Briseis. Even though Achilleus gives her up, he becomes so enraged that he refuses to fight any more. That and he prays to his mother, Thetis, who happens to be a Sea Nymph, to pull some strings with the other gods so that the Achaeans will start getting defeated in battle and invite how much they depend on him.When Achilleus cries out to his mother Thetis, she gives him a choice. Achilleus could either to live a long life shameless or a short with glory. Thetis she felt her son sorrow. With Thetis requesting her sons wishes to win whiteness for him, she waits to genus Z eus god of gods to come back to olympos. The next day in the morning, the author vividly describes Thetis form as she emerges from the sea waves to find to find Kronos as speak to him. (Line 496-500) Thetis requested the Trojans to win to create honor for Achilleus as she did a favor for Zeus before.As read in the book Iliad, a lot of body language was used vividly to express Zeus and Thetis communication. For instance (line 528-530), Zeus nodding his head as a closed book code to Thetis saying yes because he was going against his wife who favored the Greeks. in like manner in book 22, the death of Hektor was theatrical. Within a few lines as the reader I understood hectors thoughts. Using intragroup monologue I had a better understanding of what hector was thinking. genus Athene tricks Hektor into believing that he will have help against Achilles.Trying to fight Achilles the attractor of the Greeks army Hektor mom pleads for him not to battle Achilles. She expresses her love fo r him by cogent him how she used to lay his head upon her breast to comfort him. (Line 80-85) Although Zeus is tempted to keep him his daughter Athena doesnt allow it. Athena disguised as his ally Deiphobus convinces Hektor that he could beat Achilles. Hektor tries to make Achilles promise to treat his body with respect if he dies. With Achilles furious he refuses. Only to betray him, Achilles hits him with a spear through his throat.Hektor slows dies and begs Achilles to return his body to his family for a proper sepulcher but Achilles refused his request. Achilles only returned his body to the Trojans and let the dogs babbler his remains. To conclude, in the book Iliad which included tragedy between the falls of the Trojans, in that respect was much room for empathy from Achilles mother was expressed her sorrow from her loved son. I also felt sorry after Hektor died he left his wife Andromache and the King Priam to witness the devastation.

Impact of festivals on environment Essay

IntroductionIndia is a land w here the life of its people is beautified with fetes. fiesta is acelebration of the changing seasons, harvest, reconciliation and the sustain anniversaries of saints, gurus and prophets and honours the gods and goddesses.History of festivalsEpigraphical evidences prove that festivals gravel been celebrated in India since Vedictimes. The Aryans conquered India around 1500 B.C. and cultural integration with thelocal anesthetic population took place.1. phantasmal FestivalsA large number of festivals existenceness celebrated in India postulate a religious outlook. Thesefestivals atomic number 18 being celebrated in recollection of some saints, gurus and prophets, thegods and goddesses or events celebrating their victories.2. Temple FestivalsNo festival in India is peg without a feast, and the Hindu temple provides feastsduring the temple festivals. The attendees spend all twenty-four hours at the temple, enjoyingthemselves3. Fairs or MelasMelas or Fairs atomic number 18 extremely popular not just in India but all over the world. Mela servesa very substantial role as most of the festivals ar celebrated in individual homes. Melasthat ar normally celebrated for a week to over a month friend to bring the communityto break downher and share greetings.4. National FestivalsIndependence Day, magisterial 15, commemorates the sidereal day in 1947 when India achievedfreedom from British rule. The day is celebrated to commemorate the birth of the worlds biggest democracy as a national festival.5. regional FestivalsIndia presents a cultural potpourri of number of religions with their festivals andcelebrations but the four study religions followed in India are Hinduism, Islam, Christianity and Sikhism in the descending order. There are a number of regionalfestivals that are celebrated in particular areas just6. spic-and-span Year FestivalsBaisakhi or Vaisakhi is the first day of the month of Vaisakha, the beginning of theHin du grade in some parts of the expanse. For the Sikhs in Punjab and different parts of thecountry, this day has a particular signifi sack upce, as it was on this day in 1699 that GuruGobind Singh founded the Khalsa. present are few festivals with their impact on environmentGANESH CHATURTHIRebirth of ennoble Ganesh.Lokm both(prenominal)a Tilak The Founder Of Ganesh FestivalServes as a meeting ground for people.environmental IMPACTSContamination Of Water bodies. upset taint An unfortunate outcome of this rapt festival. Soil pollution due to dumping of Nirmalya.DIWALITo celebrate return of beat & Sita.Signifies the end of darkness .ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF DIWALIAir defilement through Firecrackers high-spirited Consumerism.High Energy Consumption.HOLIThe symbol of victory overevilness.To celebrate the arrival of Spring. animadversion of the various colorsof spring season.ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS ABOUT HOLIThe use of toxic chemical substance colours.The use of wood for burning Holi conflagrates.The wasteful use of wet during Holi. hack writer PANCHAMI honours the victory of Lord Krishna over the mythical Kaliya. Worship ofSnakes.To express Gratitude towards snakes.IMPACTS chase of snakes.Torture to snakes.Unnecessary feeding of milk.Impact of Festivals on EnvironmentFestivals are becoming signifi derrieret contributors to air pollution in India. We have so manyfestivals and increasing commercialization a growing economy is turning everycelebration into special K occasions to splurge. Are we aware of what this is doing to our environment? Heres a look at how all those festivities affect the air quality.Air pollution directs in big cities are appalling at the best of times and are a growingcause for concern. The Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) dust, fumes, heap, and gases is way above allowable limits in many of our big cities. This levelsees a quantum jump during festivals, the main culprits being crackers, inflammablesubstances, and artificial colors.Pollution due to festivalsAir Pollution due to smoke of crackers.Water Pollution due to immerging statues of God and Goddess made of artificialor synthetic destructive chemicals into rivers,ponds and dams. Noise Pollution due to loudness of music system.Water PollutionThe practice of tightness of Ganesh idols after the Ganesh festival invarious cities is causing severe water pollution which replete places to the death of tonnes of fishand many aquatic creatures. Gone are the geezerhood when the idols are made with clay,nowadays idols are made with Plaster Of Paris and chemical dyes. The repeated cautions and warnings of ecologists and environmental scientists towardsthe possible hazards inflicted by the Plaster Of Paris are falling into the deaf ears of theidol puffrs and buyers. According to scientists, Plaster Of Paris does not get dissolved or disintegrated fast. Moreover, the chemical dyes and colours being employ to colour the idols chase away poisonous elements. Particularly, Red, Blue, Orange and Green colours containMercury, Zinc oxide, Chromium and Lead, the potential drop causes of developing mucklecer.According to one estimate, 7500 idols of Ganesh areweighing about 20,000 kg or inother words, 20 tons.The sea-shore of Mumbai absorbs the immersion of about 1.5 lakhidols every year. The very calculation of the assembly of clay, Plaster Of Paris,dangerous Chemicals from the paints and colours exit shatter the thinking faculty of any brain. The immersion of Durga Statutes during the Durga pooja is as well as a cause of concern for environmentalists. In Orissa entirely 5,000 Durga pooja idols are made, most of them using harmful paints. Heavy metals like lead and chrome are not easily assimilated in an aquatic environmentand set up lead to the massive hurt of flora and fauna of the river, pond, lake and coastalareas. As the equal river, pond and lake water is used for bathing and drinking purposehigh levels of lead can da mage the heart, kidneys, liver, circulatory system and centralnervous system, the environmentalist warned.Impact of air pollution on healthAir pollution can lead to lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratorydiseases, and allergies in adults. It can also cause acute respiratory infections in children.Suspended particulate matter can cause asthma, bronchitis, and other respiratory diseaseSulfur dioxide can damage lungs and lead to lung disorders like wheezing and shortnessof breath.Oxides of Nitrogen can cause skin problems, eye irritation, and cause respiratory problems in children.Chemicals used in crackers like lead, magnesium, cadmium, nitrate, sodium, and otherscan have various harmful effects.Noise PollutionLoudspeakers, fire crackers and loud musical instruments, appear to be one of the biggest culprits of noise pollution during festivals in our country. With the advent of urbanisation, people in the metros had to grapple with the problem of noise pollution in e veryday living, and any kind of public celebration only aggravates this lurking issue. A study by World Health Organisation (WHO) asserts that noise pollution is not only a nuisance to the environment but it also poses considerable nemesis to public health. In residential neighbourhoods, the Supreme Court limits the noise levels to 55 decibels in the day and 45 decibels at night.The local authorities are here to maintain decorum during festivals but we as citizens should also be responsible enough to keep noise within permissible limits. clipping and againpeople have violated these levels during Janmashtami, Ganesh Chaturthi, Durga Puja, Navratri, Dussehra, Diwali and the list goes on. Despite being worldly-wise, we ignore the health impacts of incessant exposure to such high-decibel sounds. Besides touch on toddlers and children, they bring health issues in adults like hypertension, sleep disturbance, tinnitus and acute interview loss.Water PollutionGanpati celebrations shortly followed by Durga Puja this year saw immersion areas littered with flowers and parts of idols. The mess created by bursting of crackers cannot be ignore as well. The materials such as plaster of Paris used in making idols add to the water pollution. Paints used for decorating the idols, loaded with high levels of atomic number 80 and lead, increases the toxin levels of water bodies after immersion days. These toxins eventually enter the food chain of mountains after affecting the marine ecosystem and its biodiversity. The highly contaminated Ganga is now virtuous with litres of paint, bulks of plaster of Paris, toxic synthetic materials and non-biodegradable wastes like plastic flowers, plunged into the holy river.every year, in the aftermath of Ganpati celebrations, newspapers publish images of Girgaum Chowpatty and other immersion areas littered with bulky parts of idols. The main culprit is, of course, the plaster of Paris (PoP) that is used to make majority of the idols. P oP takes several(prenominal) months to completely dissolve. Also, the paints used for colouring and decorating the idols contain high levels of mercury and lead, which adds to the pollution. The Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB) has found importantly higher levels of toxins in water bodies after immersion days. These pose a great danger to the marine ecosystem and its biodiversity. These toxins also eventually enter the food chain.Air PollutionApart from releasing toxic gases, bursting of crackers also leads to pollution of air. Diwali, every year leads to an alarming rise in the level of Respirable Suspended Particulate Material (RSPM) in the air, due to bursting of fire crackers. RSPM are minute particles and can cave in to various health issues including asthma and bronchitis. On the Ganpatiimmersion days in 2012, the MPCB found an alarming rise in the level of respirable suspended particulate material (RSPM) crossways Mumbai and in other cities in the state. RSPM are suspended particles in the air due to bursting of fire crackers and large number of heavy vehicles plying on the roads pickings idols for immersion. Since RSPM are small enough to be breathed in, they can contribute to various health issues such as asthma, bronchitis and reduced lung function. These are chronic ailments and persist long after the direct source of pollution is removed. alter WasteFestivals also generate a humongous amount of dry waste. With firecrackers being the main ingredient to Diwali celebrations, the problem of dry waste increases by leaps and bounds due to lack of dumping space and other unattended constraints. Diwali being round the corner, local government bodies should take a meticulous approach towards guidance notes for municipal solid waste disposal. Garbage that can easily be recycled or reused also ends up in attach landfills. And heaps of garbage including fruits, flowers, incenses and camphor coming out of puja pandals cannot be ignored either. s tern social activism is essential to educate people to switch to eco- cordial methods of celebration. In several parts of the country, craftsmen have started using eco-friendly materials and organic paints to make idols. For instance, the idol makers in Kumartuli, the nerve centre of idol makers in Kolkata, took steps this year to reveal toxic waste levels by using paints devoid of lead, mercury and chromium to embellish the idols.Clay idols instead of the PoP ones are also getting their share of popularity. Spreading the message of civic sense this Diwali might help to curb or at least limit the pollution levels. We must(prenominal) get our social act together before blaming it on local administrators and civic amenities. Today one can easily find sustainable ways of adding to the glory of the festivals and we as law abiding citizens should also take initiatives to cooperate with the government. If you have better ways of protecting the environment and scrimping our Mother Eart h, you are most welcome to go ahead and dish out the message. There are several ways to do so and Google will definitely come to your rescue.My Opinion about festivals of IndiaOur country India is a very big country and every day of a year is a festival and it can becelebrated here with great joy and happiness. India a country Where Everyday Is A Celebration.Every festival takes an important part in the life of different peoples from differentcommunities of India. There are many festivals can be celebrated on different religiousoccasions. Indian Festivals are celebrated across the world because the Indian people areeverywhere in the world. some of them are doing jobs oversea or some of them are good big businessmen only no one can left Indian culture and festival celebrating. festivals colours our life in anew way. Every festival In India have different colors, prayers, sweets and old uniquerituals Many types of festivals are celebrated here in India like national, regional, local , religiousor seasonal festivals. In every months many festival comes and fill colors in our livesCONCLUSIONWe should contribute equally towards cabaret for controlling pollution. Lets make festivals more joyful & meaningful in eco- friendly manner. Use of natural clay idols .Immersion of idols in a pose or artificial tank of water. Deposit all the floral offerings into Nirmalaya pots.Celebrate the Ganesh Procession in traditional way.Lighting lamps the green way.Say No to Fire crackers and Yes to lifeLight Diyas instead of electrical light. work of eco-friendly colors.Celebrating bonfire in unity.A Dry Holi.Use of frames & idolsCareful treatment of snakes.Avoidance of use of milk.Biblographyhttp//www.yowoto.com/posts/the-impact-of-festivals-on-the-environment http//www.scribd.com/doc/160418855/Festivals-of-India-Impact-of-Festivals-on-Environment http//www.skymetweather.com/content/2013/10/lifestyle-and-culture/dangerous-relationship-of-environment-and-festivals/ http//www.slides hare.net/ketakishinde/indian-festivals-and-environment

Why Is Strategy Important to Business?

dodging is determining where you ar now, where you want to go, and how to get there. Its the art of growth and implementing specific actions and decisions that will help a headache to achieve goals and objectives as set out by the owners. Through the strategy process the boilers suit direction of the company is set including opportunities and threats in the outside world and the familiar strengths and weaknesses of the business. The aim of a business strategy is to ensure that the threats posed by the external environment are minimized and also to strengthen or minimize the effects of internal weaknesses.The opportunities and strengths are combined to ensure utmost productivity is achieved. The more the external environment changes the more opportunities there are likely for a company, but the more threats drop be a problem if non prepared for. Without a business strategy, it would be unvoiced for an owner to realize the opportunities available. Strategic wariness in contra st with business policy is a technical approach having a five dance step model. Strategic management is a set of managerial decisions and actions that determine the pine run performance of a company.Strategic management does not use up to be just a part of the over demand level management. In fact, musical arrangements should focus on strategic management at all levels of the management and the entire power structure of the company should be involved both in programning and exe press cuttinging phases. Strategic management does not have to be just a part of the top level management. Organizations should focus on strategic management such that all levels of the management and the entire hierarchy of the company should be involved in both planning and implementation phases.The basic theory of strategic management involves the action of creating and implementing plans and decisions for the benefit of the organization and to help it achieve its objectives. Strategic management an alyzes and scan the environment so future problems and opportunities could be well anticipated, allows a firms top management to anticipate changes and provide track and control for the enterprise, provides clear cut mission, also gives mickle and objectives of enterprise to all the employees, and allows a firm to take decisions on the basis of long range forecast.Your vision must be future-oriented it has to paint a picture that attracts employees through the use of visual imagery. This is what gets pot hooked into buy-ins, followership, and implementation of the plan. So it means you just have to moot outside the box of today and describe the world of the future. With the current point of the economy the fact that some business establishments have stopped their achievement and closed has caused big drop in small and large corporations.Having backward up plan would be the idea should the original plan does not succeed businessmen could have alternative options or backed up p lans for the continuity and success of the business. Since businessmen are bonkledgeable of the business processes, they know the importance of having back up plans. Without a contingency plan, and should the original plan fail, businessmen and the business could experience a lot of trouble. The Mission bidding is important because it describes the reason for the existence of an organization and what it hopes to achieve.While mission statements take leave from organization to organization and represent the distinctness of each one, they all administer similar components. Before writing a mission statement, leaders in the organization must have an idea of what is in store for the future. This vision is the foundation for the mission statement. Most statements include descriptions of the organizations target commercialize, the geographic domain, their have-to doe with for survival, growth and profitability, the company philosophy, and the organizations desired public image.In a ddition, it is a asshole that conveys the goal, organizational structure and strategy, legitimacy, values, participation and ownership among employees, leadership, responsibility to the community, ethical priorities, and freight to the public and stakeholders. The organizational decision making process involves proper and in effect(p) implementation of strategic plans and methods to achieve desired business objective. Often one difficulty facing an organization is that multiple divisions are involved in the overall decision making process.Making a decision can have different implications for each respective division. With the businesses of today facing reduce product lifecycles, organizations are facing intense competitive pressures to build market share to stay ahead of rivals. Process changes, the introduction of new and better disruptive technologies are forcing companies to adapt new business goals and objectives in sawn-off timeframes, this alone places stresses on all org anization.ReferencesKarger (1991). Strategic Management The Key to embodied SuccessPearce II, J.A., & Robinson, Jr., R.B. (2008). Strategic management. (11th ed.). New York, NY McGraw-Hill.Mission and Vision Statements http//www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Mar-No/Mission-and-Vision-Statements.htmlixzz1LGZLzvbI

Analyze the main character’s positive and negative qualities in “To build a fire” Essay

found on real experiences, Jack capital of the United Kingdoms stories of high adventures collect been appealing to millions of readers worldwide. With naturalism mode of fiction and a common musical theme vigorous nature in his works, the great(p) reference always took great care to depict his tempers and the struggles with nature to expose humankinds qualities in formidable situations. To go on a blow is a good example. By creating a context of wicked run with white frost reign throughout the novel, Jack London was successful in portraying his wizard tomcat Vincent with only positive and negative qualities.The subjects positive qualities were revealed from the commence of the story. In the scratch page, readers stack easily perceive that Tom Vincent was a strong man. The protagonist was described as a bind young fellow, big-b oned and big-muscled, with faith in himself and in might of his spike and pass on. With good descriptive words, the writer created a vivid picture of a young man who was strong both physic in in ally and mentally. He was brave and always ready to cope with difficulties with a firm belief in himself. He did non hide from the severe elements instead, he was out in it, facing it, fighting it.Furthermore, Tom Vincent was a smart and clear-headed person. He knew how to entertain himself in the halt weather. Realizing the biting cold, he leaped to his feet and ran briskly up the prepare also, he rubbed his nose and cheeks till they burned with the returning blood, which made him warmer. When he felt the cold water strike his feet and ankles, he knew the amour to do, and the only if thing to do, was to build a come off. Though failing to pile a rouse many times and almost hopeless with his tone down take places, Tom Vincent could keep his mind sound enough to come up with the idea of burning his hands to regain their feeling and continued to build another(prenominal) fire. Obviously, Tom was a man who co uld react to difficult situations preferably flexibly and smartly.The most remarkable quality of Tom Vincent is his strong survival of the fittest instinct with great patience and perseverance, which was vividly described through the characters continuous attempts to build a fire in freezing weather. When Tom was aware of his weighty situation, he didnt think so much butconcentrated on building a fire the only thing that could save his fork overing at that moment. In the first attempt, he kneeled down to kindle his fire. disdain his unmittened stiff fingers, he told himself not to hurry things and cherished his fire with the utmost care. However, the frost forced him to let more. His young flame, his little light of hope, was soon buried under the carbon that fell down from the pine boughs. In spite of the fear and solicitude growing larger and larger inside him, he kept his social movement of mind. He did not allow himself to be overwhelmed by the adversity and started a t once to rebuild the fire. Unfortunately, he failed at the genuinely beginning when he dropped the match in the snow and could not pick it up over over again with his numb fingers. Desperate, but he, though painfully, stood up, stepped to one side to avoid organism disturbed by the falling snow from the pine boughs, beat his hands violently against a point-trunk, and made another attempt.Still, the aggressive elements kept sad the miserable man. Toms tiny flame was quenched one more time in his shaking hand due to the severe cold. later consecutive failures, Tom virtually collapsed with despair, but quickly, he ran up the trail to look for help. He still believed there was another radical available somewhere. Even when he had recognized that there was no help, no sign of help but the emotionless white frost and the tatty silence, his hope of being rescued promptly ignited again when his eyeball chanced upon another high-water lodgment of twigs and branches. He started over to build a fire He tried to shoot down the condition of numb hands with all fingers straight out by pressing the wrist of the other hand against them and finally managed to ignite the match. Regrettably, the flame burned into the flesh of his hand, which made him involuntarily relax his hold and helplessly watch the match fall into the snow. The fire went out. Again, he ran, in his most terrible panic, but the only thing he could find was an empty shelter of moose-hunters. This time, he felt so badly frightened that he sank down and sobbed, nearly accepting that everything was over. When all the doors seemed to be closed, his love of life burned strongly than ever. He sprang again to his feet, thinking quickly, and found out a way to save his life burning his hands to regain their sense. He set his teeth to bear the pain caused by the fire licking his flesh. Apparently, that he writhed nearly with the torment, yet held on the fire, was the greatest evidence of his tough survival instinct. The chivalrous measure and the amazing bravery toact over the extremity deliver him from death. Through Tom Vincents continuous attempts to build a fire, readers can see clearly the characters durability and iron will. Despite the severe hardship, he made great efforts despite the great efforts, he made continuous failures despite the continuous failures, he always gave himself another opportunity to survive.Beside the positive qualities, readers could see the presence of negative traits in the characters personality, which brought him very close to death. Tom Vincent was exposed as an overconfident, unobjective and compulsive young man. Ignoring the belief of the north, Never travel alone, Tom, by himself, started his journey in a severe weather condition with simply a light pack on his back, a pair of moccasins on his feet, and an over-optimistic attitude on a new, strange and lonely route. At the beginning of the journey, he was swinging along the trail and enjoy ed it with all his great excitement. He was fearless with the thought that there was no possibility of getting missed and considered a nose-strap feminine contraption. Although the nature did warn him of its killing freezing cold, Tom enjoyed the exultation with a complacent attitude. He assumed that he was stronger than the elements and considered himself as master of the elements. He laughed aloud in sheer strength of life, and with his clenched fist defied the frost. It was his overconfidence that made him take all miseries afterwards.Tom was a strong and smart young man nonetheless, it was not enough for him in the fight against the cruel nature. In the dual with get Nature, he was just a child. He failed to estimate all dangerous accidents that did happen to him during his journey. First of all, he hadnt known how harsh the weather was and afterwards felt the need of a nose-strap that he had scorned before. Moreover, he built a fire under a pine tree with snowy boughs that bl otted out his flame. Also, he couldnt imagine that his hands and his soundbox would become such numb and worthless ones that prevented him from building a fire. Ultimately, he regretted ignoring the precept of the north and wished to have a comrade whose feet were not freezing to start a fire that could save him. After experiencing continuous acidulent failures, Tom, a strapping man, sank down and sobbed like a child. Jack London was successful using contrast to paint his character one arrogant at the beginning and one miserable at the end. Through that, the author showed usthe consequences of his characters shortcomings. Though thinking that Tom Vincent merited to pay for his presumption, readers feel sorry for him. If he had been a good auditor traveling with a companion or starting the journey in a better weather condition, he wouldnt have travel into such a life-threatening situation that nearly took his life away.The story ended with a Tom Vincent surviving but totally several(predicate) from the Tom at the beginning. He became sensitive to frost and lays down the precept of the North. He finally took a bitter lesson from Mother Nature. After analyzing the characters positive and negative qualities, we can learn blue-chip lessons a will of iron is a weapon that helps us overcome difficulties in life, even in the worst situation however, never belittle potential risks around us, and be a good listener. A man with all good qualities like Tom Vincent could be a very successful person in the modern world today nevertheless, it is the arrogance that will destroy all his success. Hence, a man can bring home the bacon only when he understands the rules of nature and the rules of life to take appropriate actions in all adventures during his life.

Explore the Theme of Monstrosity in Frankenstein Essay

Montrosity is a key in Frankenstein, and it affects both the Creature and superordinate, whilst at the same epoch , Shelley copes that conjunction is monstrous through injustices of the time and the social conventions. Frankenstein could be express to be the daimon himself- when he says miserable devil whom I had created, we estimate Shelley implicitly suggest, through the alliterative phrase, that just as Adam was created in Gods image so too was the Creature innate(p) in the image of Victor. Moreover, the idea that Frankenstein is himself the monster is reinforced by or kinda cell. Cell refers to a prison cell, and is used symbolically to represent the idea that just like a cell is for criminals, who actualize acts of monstrousity, so to is Frankenstein the criminal commiting an act of giant. On the other hand, we could argue that it was not so very much the act of creation that was monstrous, provided rather Frankensteins reaction. By writing I ran out of the room we hold back Victor perform the ultimate rejection, and therefore, shunning the responsibilty that exists in the binary mingled with Parent and Child- as John McRae argued.It is interesting to note that Frankenstein rejects the monster because of an innate selfishness- the beauty of the dream vanished implies that Frankensteins physical conception does not equal that of his mental conception, and that because Frankensteins plan are in disarray, his wise scientific methods- I selectedin proportion show this- are replaced by emotional responses which for him, is territory unknown- in the same way Walton check up onks to ascertain the secrets or how the Creature wants to understand hu universe behaviour at the De Lacys. Thus, we see a connection between Victor and the Creature- whom he describes as miserbale monster.Furthermore, the feature that Frankenstein preserve only respond to the Creatures bring forth in empirical, scientific observations- pearly white teeth, dull eyes- cons trasts with Elizabeths response to Williams death- O I have murdered my churl. By portraying Elizabeth in a positive light- she forms an emotional response, which juxtaposes with the unfertilized feelings of Frankenstein at the conception of the Creatue, Shelley implies that women present a greater degree of hu adult maleity- and therefore criticises the male dominated society on education- whilst they may read Shakespeare and Agrippa, women provide be worldly-wise, (no doubt influence by her womens rightist mother) and that they are unavoidable to prevent monstrosities.This idea of the female role is reinforced by the fact that as the novel progresses, the women are slowly being removed- first his Mother, indeed Justine and then Elizabeth- I saw Elizabethheld the corpse of my dead mother. This presents Frankensteins mental degregation and ultimately, the ctalyst for the mosntrous act- so Shelley presents the idea of a dichotomy between man and women- Darwin supported this by suggesting the hierachy of reproducion- man and woman is better than man alone. However, it could to a fault be argued that Frankensteins panoramas augment his monstrousity- we see a sense of isolation- retirement is repeated, implying that by imposing self-exile, Frankenstein detaches himself from society and its rules and that he has become an outsider (McCrae)- much as the monstrousity that Victor calls the Creature, is also an outsider.Indeed the connection between the dickens is best examined by the Shelley use of the mountain-top- Chamonuix, where I saw him- which alludes to the idea of the source and Creation meeting (Hayward), both as equal, with both, arguably as montrous, Victor for abondoning the Creature, and the Creature (for Victor) a representation fo his failure. By using seclusion and Filthy Workshop of Creation, Shelley implies that this isolation leads to thoughts of monstrousity- Godwin influecned her argiung it was a nusery of madmen. This separation from society is symbolic too. If Geneva is Eden, then by extending against the limits of knowledge-if no man broke the rules suggests no remorse- he cut himself off, much like the Tempter in Paradise Lost- and thus, Shelley implies that this inner monster within Frankenstein and all of us, can only be restrained by a balance- whether, male or female, or equal laws.The idea that the monstrousity is within Frankenstein (and therefore us) is suggested by force in his eyes- he claims the Creature to be wild, but if the eyes are windows to the sould, Shelley suggests and innate montrosity in him (and us) an id that is the carnal desires. This contrasts the idea of the giants dull eyes- which challenges the idea that the Creature is the monstrosity- this challenge is the undercoat why Shelley uses the Chinese Box Narrative- the various narritve eyes makes us speculate our own judgement. In fact, the Moster, may be the most forgiving of us all- he imitates the physiognamy and manners in the same way that Justine did, yet both are treated unfairly.This idea of an unfair treatment alludes to Shelleys picture that monstorusity exists in society- so whilst we can say it was Victors character to be monstorus (and that society placed limits to prevent this), the nurturing of him within society is what leads to the monstrosity arguably. In the case of the Justine, the irony is that she is treated un-JUSTlY contrary to her name- which perhaps could be Shelleys sly reference to her desire for female eqaulity (influenced by Wollstencraft the feminist motehr) a name is afforded to all, and Justines name contains justice- therefore, when she is show guilty- there is a trangression of nature, in the same way that Frankenstein transgresses nature by creating life.This presents the idea that society is too quick to judge- just as Frankenstein believes seemingly to grab me, Justine is quickly found guilty- regardless of Elizabeths plea- no wonder Shelley present s the law in s uch a negative light- judgemeddle in the dark side of human nature, because it is flawed and makes rash decisions. Thus, we see Shelley regard society as the monster. To conclude, monstrosity is pervades throughout the novel, affecting all characters and being influenced by setting and society. Yet, in the same way that the Creature was Frankensteins creation, the novel coould be seen as her monster-shunned by contempories but exposing the reatiy of monstrosity within us all.

Health System in Egypt

wellness governances Profile- Egypt regional wellness Systems sentry- EMRO Con xts F O R E W O R D . 5 1 E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y .. 7 2 S O C I O E C O N O M I C G E O P O L I T I C A L M A P P I N G .. 11 2. 1 Socio-cultural Factors 1 2. 2 Economy 11 2. 3 Geography and Climate 12 2. 4 Political/ administrative expression . 12 3 H E A L T H S T A T U S A N D D E M O G R A P H I C S .. 14 3. 1 wellness spatial relation Indicators .. 4 3. 2 Demography . 15 4 H E A L T H S Y S T E M O R G A N I Z A T I O N 17 4. 1 Brief History of the wellness negociate System . 17 4. 2 Public wellness C ar System .. 17 4. 3 Private health C ar System. 20 4. 4Over exclusively wellness C atomic number 18 System 21 5 G O V E R N A N C E /O V E R S I G H T .. 23 5. 1 Process of Policy, jutning and man get along withment .. 23 5. 2 Decentralization constitute characteristics of principal personas 24 5. 3 wellness Information Systems 27 5. 4 wellness Systems Research. 8 5. 5 Acc ountability Mechanisms . 28 6 H E A L T H C A R E F I N A N C E A N D E X P E N D I T U R E 29 6. 1 health intake selective schooling and Trends .. 29 6. 2 Tax-based financial backing . 32 6. 3 Insurance .. 33 6. 4Out-of-Pocket Payments .. 40 6. 5 outer inaugurations of Finance 41 6. 6 Provider Payment Mechanisms .. 41 7 H U M A N R E S O U R C E S .. 45 7. 1 homosexual imaginativenesss availability and creation 45 7. 2 Human resources insurance policy and domesticates over last 10 stratums.. 55 8HEALTH SERVICE DELIVERY. 59 8. 1 Service Delivery Data for health service .. 59 8. 2 Package of Services for wellness Care 63 8. 3 Primary health Care .. 63 8. 4 Non personal Services Preventive/Promotive Care 75 8. 5 Secondary/Tertiary Care .. 7 8. 6 semipermanent Care .. 90 8. 7 Pharmaceuticals .. 89 8. 8 Technology .. snow 9 HEALTH SYSTEM REFORMS. 101 9. 1 Summary of young and planned reforms 101 10REFERENCES 107 11. ANNEXES . 11. 1 Ministry of wellness and macro cosm Organogram 1 health Systems Profile- Egypt Regional health Systems Observatory- EMRO List of put backs card 2. 1 Socio-cultural indicators control panel 2. 2 Economic Indicators accede 2. 3 major(ip) Imports and Exports remit 3. 1 Indicators of Health status tabular array 3. 2 Indicators of Health status by sexual practice and by urban rural 2006Table 3. 3 Top 10 causes of deathrate Table 3. 4 Demographic indicators Table 3. 5 Demographic indicators by Gender and Urban rural Table 6. 1 Health Expenditure Table 6. 2 Sources of finance, by percent Table 6. 3 Health Expenditures by Category Table 6. 3. 1. Health thrill funding in Egypt coverage, eligibility and benefits Table 6. 4 Population coverage by source Table 6. 4. 1 diffusion of HIO beneficiaries by law (19952002) Table 6. 4. 2 similitude between 2002 and 1995 estimates Table 6. 4. 3 Comparative expenditures and subsidies from MOF to hospital work, financial stratum 2004/2005Table 6. 4. 4 Performance Indicat ors Table 7. 1 Health care military unit Table 7. 1. 1 translate registered with syndicates Table 7. 1. 2 Comparison of cater registered and in smear in MOHP, December 2005 Table 7. 1. 3 Staff registered and in post in MOHP plus percentage increase in difference over 20 eld Table 7. 1. 4 Physicians and nurses by health celestial sphere (%) Table 7. 1. 5 Geographical distribution of MOHP physicians and nurses Table 7. 1. 6 distribution of physicians and nurses by governorate per 100,000 cosmos (2005) Table 7. 2 Human Resource Training Institutions for Health Table 8. 1Service Delivery Data and Trends Table 8. 1. 1 Improvement in hospital based services (19962005) Table 8. 1. 2 Distribution of health facilities across Egypt (2006) Table 8. 1. 3 Distribution of health care workers in Egypt (2006) Table 8. 1. 4 Comparison of specialists (2005) Table 8. 1. 5 Comparison of specialists (2005) Table 8. 1. 6 Comparison of MOHP and HIO registered and in post personnel2005 Table 8. 1. 7 Distribution of physicians with private clinics by scrap of jobs (%) 2 Health Systems Profile- Egypt Regional Health Systems Observatory- EMRO Table 8. 1. 8 Governorates distribution consort to phasesTable 8. 1. 9 Basic preventive and promotional exoteric health services Table 8. 2 Inpatient use and execution Table 8. 2. 1 National distribution of inpatient beds by type of readiness (2005) Table 8. 2. 2 Change in hospital beds by type of supplier (1991, 1997, 2001) Table 8. 2. 3 MOHP strategy (1997, 2001, 2017) Table 8. 2. 4 Distribution of physicians among whatsoever service providers (2002) Table 8. 2. 5 Bed distribution by health provider in governorates Table 8. 2. 6 Beds/universe by governorate and type of provider (2005) Table 8. 2. 7 Private sector providers (2005) Table 8. 2. 8Private sector services (2002) Table 8. 7 expenditure by type of provider and ownership (2005) 3 Health Systems Profile- Egypt Regional Health Systems Observatory- EMRO List of contrives b od 1 Uses of health resources, by categories of providers Figure 2 Sources of revenues for the health sector, 1995 Figure 3 Distribution of HIO beneficiaries by law (19952002) Figure 4 Distribution of physicians and nurses by governorate per 100,000 population (2001) Figure 5 Beds per populations in governorates Figure 6 Growth trends in the pharmaceutical market Figure 7 pass judgment value of the market size in 2010Figure 8 Trend in drug consumption as expenditure per capita Figure 9 do drugs expenditure in private and organizational sector Figure 10 Distribution of drug consumption by therapeutic category (20012002) 4 Health Systems Profile- Egypt Regional Health Systems Observatory- EMRO F OREWORD Health strategys are undergoing quick change and the requirements for conforming to the new challenges of changing demographics, disease patterns, emerging and re emerging diseases coupled with rising costs of health care address excite forced a blanket(prenominal) review of hea lth placements and their high schooltail iting.As the countries figure their health schemes in greater depth to adjust to new demands, the bout and complexities of problems identified increases. Some health systems fail to provide the essential services and some are creaking under the strain of inefficient purvey of services. A number of issues including governance in health, financing of health care, forgiving resource imbalances, access and quality of health services, along with the impacts of reforms in separatewise areas of the economies significantly affect the ability of health systems to deliver.Decision-makers at all trains call for to appraise the variation in health system performance, identify factors that go it and articulate policies that will achieve meliorate results in a anatomy of settings. Meaningful, comparable instruction on health system performance, and on break factors that explain performance variation, can strengthen the scientific foundati ons of health policy at national, regional and international levels.Comparison of performance across countries and over age can provide important insights into policies that improve performance and those that do not. The WHO regional office for Eastern Mediterranean has taken an initiative to develop a Regional Health Systems Observatory, whose main purpose is to contribute to the improvement of health system performance and outcomes in the countries of the EM region, in terms of better health, fair financing and responsiveness of health systems.This will be achieved finished with(predicate) the fol low-downing closely inter-related crops (i) Descriptive function that provides for an easily accessible database, that is incessantly updated (ii) Analytical function that draws lessons from winner and failures and that can assist policy makers in the formulation of strategies (iii) Prescriptive function that brings forward recommendations to policy makers (iv) Monitoring function t hat focuses on aspects that can be improved and (v) Capacity building function that aims to develop partnerships and share knowledge across the region.One of the principal instruments for achieving the above purpose is the development of health system profile of each of the member states. The EMRO Health Systems Profiles are country-based cover ups that provide a description and analysis of the health system and of reform initiatives in the respective countries. The profiles seek to provide comparative cultivation to support policy-makers and analysts in the development of health systems in EMRO.The profiles can be used to learn about various approaches to the organization, financing and delivery of health services describe the change, content, and implementation of health care reform programs highlighting challenges and areas that require more in-depth analysis and provide a tool for the dissemination of teaching on health systems and the exchange of experiences of reform st rategies between policymakers and analysts in different countries.These profiles have been produced by country public health experts in collaboration with the Division of Health Systems & Services maturation, WHO, EMRO based on similar templates, comprehensive guidelines and a glossary of terms developed to succor roll up the profiles. A real challenge in the development of these health system profiles has been the wide variation in the availability of data on all aspects of health systems. The profiles are based on the most authentic sources of information functional, which have been cited for ease of reference. For maintaining consistency and comparability in the sources of 5Health Systems Profile- Egypt Regional Health Systems Observatory- EMRO information, efforts have been made to use as a first source, the information published and available from a national source such as Ministries of Health, Finance, Labor, Welfare National Statistics Organizations or reports of nationa l surveys. In case information is not available from these sources then unpublished information from official sources or information published in unofficial sources are used. As a last resort, country- ad hoc information published by international agencies and research cover published in international and local journals are used.Since health systems are dynamic and ever changing, any additional information is welcome, which after comely verification, can be put up on the website of the Regional Observatory as this is an ongoing initiative and these profiles will be updated on continual intervals. The profiles along with summaries, template, guidelines and glossary of terms are available on the EMRO HSO website at www. who. int. healthobservatory It is hoped the member states, international agencies, academia and some other stakeholders would use the information available in these profiles and actively participate to make this initiative a success.I would standardised to acknowl edge the efforts undertaken by the Division of Health Systems and Services Development to help countries of the region in better analyzing health system performance and in improving it. Regional Director Eastern Mediterranean Region homo Health Organization 6 Health Systems Profile- Egypt Regional Health Systems Observatory- EMRO 1 E XECUTIVE S UMMARY Egypt is going through a demographic and epidemiologic transition that is affecting both the size and health status of the population. The population ripening rate has fluctuated from a low of 1. 92% a year during 19661967, to 2. 5% annually during 19761986, later declining to 2% a year during 19801993 and 2. 1% annually in 2001. Changes in fertility and death rate rates have been the study source of population growth in Egypt. The population profit has a wide base with children senile under 15 re exposeing 37% of the population, reflecting relatively high fertility in recent days. The proportion of children aged under 10 years is smaller than the proportion aged 1014 years. The rate decreased from 80 in 1988 to 69 in 2000, so the proportion of productive group aged 1564 years has increased.The average age of the population has risen, with a life expectancy from birth of 65. 5 years for males in 1996 to 69. 2 years in 2006. It is higher for women than for men (69. 2 and 73. 6 years, respectively). Egypt is a lower-middle-income country with a per capita gross national product (GNP) that doubled between the years 1993 and 1999, from US $600 to $1200 (DHS, 2000). The Egyptian economy has witnessed a turnaround in growth performance succeeding(a) a period of economic slow-down that started in 1986.The adoption of the stretch out door policy in 1975 afforded the Egyptian economy a cristal of rapid economic growth, supported by large inflows of foreign assistance, workers remittances, and oil and tourism revenues. The debark in oil prices in 1986 signaled the end of a decade of economic boost, underscori ng the volatility of Egypts key revenues sources and the constraints of an inward-oriented growth strategy. With the success of the stabilization program in achieving its objectives, Egypt has been successful in reversing the slow growth rates that characterized the period 19911995.Real gross domestic product grew annually at an average of 3. 8% during 19931996 and at an average of 6% during 19961998. Inflation has been brought down from a lift of 21% in 1992 to 7% in 1996 and 3. 6% by 2000 (UNDP, 2000). date public expenditure on health in terms of work out share appears to be low in Egypt, overall spending at 3. 7% of GDP is also low, when compared to other comparable income countries. The Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP) budget, as part of the replete(p) Government budget, increased from 2. 2% in 1995/1996 to 3. % in 2000/2001 and the MOHP expenditure per capita increased from LE26. 8 in 1996 to LE56. 7 in 2001. The health financing system in Egypt today manifests sig nificant general inefficiencies and inequities that severely limit the effectiveness of the health system as a whole. Any attempts to expand the scope of services or increase the revenues and expenditures on health care without first addressing these systemic bottlenecks in the health financing system will result in further exacerbating the inefficiencies and inequities in the system.The existing system of health financing mechanisms in place today, whether it is through the general revenues Ministry of Finance or the Health Insurance Organization system or through private spending, establishes a regressive pattern of resource mobilization and resource allocation. Inequities are evident across many dimensions, in terms of income levels, gender, geographical distribution (rural and urban, and by governorate levels), and health outcomes. 7 Health Systems Profile- Egypt Regional Health Systems Observatory- EMROThe coverage of the Egyptian population with the National Health Insurance scheme is increasing through the addition of new population groups under the umbrella of social health insurance, for example school children and immature children. In the year 1980, the coverage was 4% of the make out population, and it doubled in 1990. In the year 1995, it nominateed 36% and increased over the last ten years to 45%. Out of pocket spending has been rising over past decade and currently stands at 62%. HIO does not reach 80% of the private sector workforce.Highest governmental healthcare spend is proportionately in lowest income quintile. The 1952 Constitution pronounced free medical care as a radical right for all Egyptians. The Government has been the touch on provider and financier of all primary/preventive and most inpatient curative care in Egypt. However, over the past two decades governmental budgetary constraints have resulted in relatively stagnant health expenditures. The geomorphological adjustment program has also cut the governments resource posi tion love seat allocation for social services sectors in general, and health services in particular.The Egyptian health system has a pluralistic nature with a wide range of health care providers competing and complementing each other, allowing clients freedom of salternative when seeking care according to their needs and ability to pay. However, the Government is affiliated to providing health care to poor and unprivileged population groups. Parallel to, and related to, its demographic transition, Egypt is currently facing an epidemiological transition that is characterized by Reduced mortality rates among infants and children from diarrhea, immunization-preventable diseases and respiratory infections. Rising prevalence of risk factors such as obesity, smoking and hypertension, responsible for chronic diseases. A changing socioeconomic milieu booster cable to different diets, increased industrialization, and increased motor vehicle profession accidents. The distribution of th e burden of diseases has changed from a predominance of infected and parasitic diseases to a different mortality pattern whereby cardiovascular diseases are currently the leading cause of mortality (45% in 1991, compared to 12% in 1970 and 6. 3% in 2001).Egypt is therefore affected by a dual burden of disease, thence associating the morbidity and mortality patterns of developing countries with those induced by modernization. As a result of the demographic and epidemiological transition, the major health and population challenges are 1. Population growth 2. Burden of endemic and infectious diseases 3. motherly, infant and childhood mortality 4. Burden of chronic diseases, renal failure and cancer 5. Injuries and accidents 6. Smoking, other addictions, and their complications 7. Disabilities and congenital anomalies 8 Health Systems Profile- EgyptRegional Health Systems Observatory- EMRO 8. Human resources (capabilities, skills, knowledge, allocation, salaries and incentives) 9. I nfrastructure (buildings, equipment, piece of furniture and maintenance) 10. Basic public services (housing, unplanned areas and slums, potable water, sewage disposal). The health system has significant strengths and weaknesses resulting from its continuing evolution. The performance of the sector with respect to health services, human resources, physical infrastructure, financing, organization and management, and the pharmaceutical sector will be assessed in following eight sections.Ministry of Health and Population has decided on a reform program based on the strengths of the current system, era at the same time rectifying its weaknesses. The Government of Egypt has embarked on a major restructuring of the health sector. This reform was deemed necessary because the MOHP and its main partners had identified fragmentation in the delivery of health services, excessive reliance specialist care and low primary care service quality as the main constraints to achieving common coverage .The Egyptian Health arena Reform platform (HSRP) was officially launched in 1997. The World depose (WB) started its contribution by designing the Master Plan for Montazah Health District in Alexandria Governorate, in May 1998. By the following year, in 1999, United States Agency for International Development (USAID) was the first bestower to begin field-level operations, while the European Commission (EC) joined the HSRP in November 1999. The African Development Bank (ADB) initiated its work through designing Master Plans for terzetto health territorial dominions in June 2003.The most recent partner at HSRP is the Austrian Government, which orders its participation to improving the regularize hospitals as part of health district approach. The overall aim of the HSRP is twofold. Firstly to introduce a quality basic package of primary health care services, contribute to the establishment of a decentralized (district) service system and improve the availability and use of heal th services. Secondly to introduce institutional structural reform based on the concept of splitting purchasing/providing and the regulatory functions of the Ministry of Health and Population.Coverage would be provided by a National Social Insurance System. The ultimate goal of health sector reform initiatives is to improve the health status of the population, including reductions in infant, under-five, enate mortality rates and population growth rates and the burden of infectious disease. The HSRP has meanwhile initiated a new primary care strategy in accredited facilities, known as Family Health Units (FHUs). Facilities are being contract by a purchasing agency -the Family Health Fund (FHF) to provide services to the population.It is envisaged that the HSRP will bit by bit extend its scope to the secondary winding level by establishing District Provider Organizations. The FHF will consequently develop in the direction of a full purchasing agency of services from the public and private sector. The newly introduced Family Health Model (FHM) constitutes one of the cornerstones of the reform program. It brings high quality services to the patient and will integrate most of the erect programs into the Basic Benefit Package of services.To date the FHM has been introduced in 817 health facilities, which present 18% of the total public primary health care facilities. HSRP has an manque five years plan, by the end of year 2010, to cover the entire public primary health care facilities with the Family Health Model. The Egyptian Health Sector Reform Program went through several gifts, including the preparatory pose from 1994 to 1996. During this stage, several valuable studies were conducted and used later to develop the Strategies for Health Sector Change study. 9 Health Systems Profile- Egypt Regional Health Systems Observatory- EMROThis was an analytical report on the Egyptian health sector. Designing the health Master Plans stage for the three pilot governor ates followed this. Experimenting stage of the Family Health Model took place in one of the primary health care facilities, which took about two years to implement. This was followed by piloting stage of the Model in three governorates followed by another two governorates and included activities such as Building rung pattern, designing the contents of the Basic Benefits Package and Essential Drug List, and other components of the Family Health Model.The Program has shifted its strategy in March 2003 from health facility oriented approach to the district approach, which was called the District Provider Organization. As of 2005, the HSRP has gradually expanded its operations to ten additional governorates, pushing the total number of involved governorates to 15, which presents more than 50% of the country coverage.The Health Reform Program has three main components (1) Service component as seen in the Family Health Mode, (2) Mandate role and functions of the Ministry of Health and Po pulation, and (3) Introduction of a sustainable oecumenic health insurance system. It is envisaged that all three goals and objectives can be achieved in an Integrated District Health System model. All the necessary elements are available and the Sector for Technical Support and Projects (STSP) is in developing process for an integrated health system based on a district that is evaluated internally and externally and be replicable.The Integrated District Health System (IDHS) is the district that covers the following criteria (1) fully implements the District Provider Organization, (2) has financial sustainability, (3) separates providing from financing of health services, (4) implements the content of the district health coverage plan, (5) provides basic benefits and secondary care packages through public, private and NGO, (6) and applies quarterly measures for the achievements of HSRPs five objectives. 10 Health Systems Profile- Egypt Regional Health Systems Observatory- EMRO 2 S OCIO E CONOMIC G EOPOLITICAL M APPING 2. Socio-cultural Factors Table 2-1 Socio-cultural indicators Indicators 1990 1995 2000 2004 Literacy Total 48. 8 (92) 57. 7 (98) 67. 4 (02) 69. 4 02) Female Literacy to total literacy 35. 3 (92) 65. 9 (98) 63. 4 (01) 67. 4 02) Women % of custody 29. 2(93) 18. 0(96) 18. 5(01) 21. 8(02) Primary School enrollment 98. 0(92) 98. 5(98) 91. 7(01) 99. 2(02) % Female Primary school pupils 80. 4(92) 84. 5(98) 93. 2 107. 1(02) %Urban Population 44. 0(86) 43. 0(96) 42. 8 57. 6 Human Development indicator Source NICHP Report, Ministry of Health and Population, 2005. Egypt Human Development Report, 1995, 1999, 2003, 2004. . 2 Economy Key economic trends, policies and reforms Lack of substantial progress on economic reform since the mid 1990s has limited foreign direct investment in Egypt and kept annual GDP growth in the range of 2%-3% in 200103. However, in 2004 Egypt implemented several measures to boost foreign direct investment. In September 2004, Egypt pushed through custom reforms, proposed income and corporate tax reforms, reduced energy subsidies, and privatized several enterprises. The budget deficit rose to an estimated 8% of GDP in 2004 compared to 6. 1% of GDP the previous year, in part as a result of these reforms.Monetary pressures on an overvalued Egyptian pound led the government to float the currency in January 2003, leading to a sharp drop in its value and consequent inflationary pressure. In 2004, the Central Bank implemented measures to improve currency liquidity. Egypt reached record tourism levels, despite the Taba and Nuweiba bombings in September 2004. The development of an export market for natural gas is a bright spot for upcoming growth prospects, but improvement in the capital-intensive hydrocarbons sector does little to reduce Egypts persistent unemploymentTable 2-2 Economic Indicators Indicators 1990 GNI per Capita (Atlas method) current US$ 2000 2004 NA GNI per capita (PPP) Current International Re al GDP Growth (%) 1995 1. 9 (91-92) 5 (95-96) 3. 4 (00-01) 4 (03-04) 11 Health Systems Profile- Egypt Regional Health Systems Observatory- EMRO Real GDP per Capita ($) (91- 92) 769 1,285 1,036 9. 2 (91-92) Unemployment % (estimates) 1,143 9. 6 (91-92) 9. 0 (01) 10. 2 (03) Source Egypt Human Development Report, 2003. Ministry of Foreign Trade, Egypt, Monthly Economic Digest, February 2005. Table 2-3 Major Imports and Exports Major ExportsCrude oil and petroleum products, cotton, textiles, metal products and chemicals. Major Imports Machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, timberland products and fuels. 2. 3 Geography and Climate Map of Egypt Arab Republic of Egypt is located at the northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asiatic Sinai Peninsula. Total area is 1,001,450 sq km (land 995,450 sq km, water 6,000 sq km). A total of 2,665 km border countries Gaza Strip 11 km, Israel 266 km, Libya 1,115 km, Sudan 1,273 km.Coastline is 2,450 km. The climate is desert hot, dry summers with check into winters. Natural resources petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead and zinc. 2. 4 Political/ Administrative Structure The chief of state is the President, head of government is the Prime Minister. two-chambered system consists of the Peoples Assembly or Majlis al-Shab (454 seats 444 elected by pop vote, 10 appointed by the president members serve five-year terms) and the 12 Health Systems Profile- Egypt Regional Health Systems Observatory- EMROAdvisory Council or Majlis al-Shura which functions only in a consultative role (264 seats 176 elected by popular vote, 88 appointed by the president members serve sixyear terms mid-term elections for half the members). Peoples Assembly election is in three phase voting, last held 19 October, 29 October, 8 November 2000 (next to be held October-November 2005) Advisory Counci l last held May-June 2004. The Shoura Council was established constitutionally in 1980. The Shoura Council is generally a think-tank to advise the Government on national policies.A committee of the Shoura Council on Health, Population and Environment examines issues relevant to these areas prior to their discussion in the Shoura Councils plenary sessions. Although it does not have a direct legislative role, laws impacting significantly on broad government policy are required to be discussed by the Shoura Council sooner being passed to the Peoples Assembly Laws, in the beginning going to the plenary sessions of Parliament, are referred for preliminary study to the relevant committees. These specific committees are currently 22 in number an example is the commission for Health and Environment.This committee, consisting solely of Members of Parliament, often invites experts to its meetings for the purpose of obtaining a more comprehensive view of topics under study. The committee i nfluences health policy changes planned for the future 13 Health Systems Profile- Egypt Regional Health Systems Observatory- EMRO 3 H EALTH situation AND DEMOGRAPHICS 3. 1 Health Status Indicators Table 3. 1 Health Status Indicators 1990-2005 Indicators 1990 1995 2000 2004 2005 65. 3 (92) 66. 9 (98) 67. 1 (01) 70. 1 (02) 63 66 24. 5 22. 4 20. 5 3. 9 (97) 33. 8 28. 6 26. 2 174 (92) 96 (98) 84 (01) 68 (02) 3 26 29. 8 28. 7 NA 17. 6 preponderance of wasting 3. 4 4. 6 Source NICHP Report, Ministry of Health and Population,2005. 2. 5 NA 3. 9 Life Expectancy at redeem HALE Infant mortality Rate Probability of dying before fifth birthday/1000 Maternal mortality rate ratio part of Normal birth weight babies Prevalence of stunting Egypt Human Development Report,2004 Table 3-2 Indicators of Health Status by Gender and by urban rural 2006 Indicators Urban Rural antheral Female Life expectancy at birth 69. 2 73. 6 HALE Infant Mortality Rate 27. 7 15. 3 Probability of d ying before 5th birthday/1000 3. 9 20. 6 27. 6 24. 7 Maternal Mortality Ratio Percent of Normal Birth Weight Babies Prevalence of stunning/wasting Source NICHP Report, Ministry of Health and Population,2005. WHO Web Site,August 2005 14 Health Systems Profile- Egypt Regional Health Systems Observatory- EMRO Table 3-3 Top 10 causes of Mortality Mortality Y2005 Rank Intra-cerebral hemorrhage 21,473 Essential (primary) hypertension 20,354 Fibrosis and cirrhosis of liver 18,434 liverwort failure, not elsewhere classified 11,353 Atherosclerosis 10,800 Arterial embolism and thrombosis 8,233 delegate blood glucose level ,000 Acute myocardial infarction 6,645 Cerebral infarction 6,334 Others 320,011 Total 431,637 Source NICHP Report, Ministry of Health and Population, 2005. The Burden of Disease and Injury in Egypt (Mortality and Morbidity). 2004. 3. 2 Demography Demographic patterns and trends Total population of Arab Republic of Egypt is 77,505,756 (July 2005 est. ). The age d istribution is 0-14 years presents 33% (male 13,106,043/female person 12,483,899), 15-64 years presents 62. 6% (male 24,531,266/female 23,972,216), 65 years and over presents 4. 4% (male 1,457,097/ female 1,955,235) (2005 est. ).Net migration rate is -0. 22 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est. ). Sex ratio at birth 1. 05 male(s)/female, under 15 years it is 1. 05 male(s)/ female, 15-64 years it is 1. 02 male(s)/female, 65 years and over it is 0. 74 male(s)/female, for the total population it is 1. 02 male(s)/female (2005 est. ) The median age is 23. 68 years, 23. 31 years for males and 24. 05 years for females (2005 est. ). Eastern Hamitic stock (Egyptians and Bedouins) presents 99%, Greek, Nubian, Armenian, other European (primarily Italian and French) presents 1%. Muslim (mostly Sunni) 94%, Coptic Christian and other 6%.Arabic is the official language, English and French are widely understood by educated classes. 57. 7% of the population (age 15 and over) can read and write. Mal e presents 68. 3% and female presents female 46. 9% (2003 est. ). 15 Health Systems Profile- Egypt Regional Health Systems Observatory- EMRO Table 3-4 Demographic Indicators Indicators 1990 1995 2000 2004 2005 27. 9 1997 27. 9 27. 0 (03) 25. 8 (05) 6. 4 1997 6. 3 6. 4 (03) 6. 4 (05) 2. 4 (60. 86) 2. 08 (86-96) 2. 3 (96-02) 2. 0 (03) 19. 1 (05) 74. 7 1992 69. 7 1998 69. 9 (01) 69. 9 (02) 37. 8 1996 38. 8 (03) 37. 4 3. 90 1992